Modern Japanese Ceramics Pottery Contemporary
By Appointment is best. You might get lucky just popping by, but a great deal of the month I am out visiting artists or scouring up new items, so days in the gallery are limited.
All Items : Artists : Ceramics : Pottery : Contemporary item #1479033
Modern Japanese Ceramics
sold, thank you
A single strand of gold lightning streaks down the darkness of this deep chawan by Tsujimura Shiro enclosed in the original signed wooden box titled Kuro Oribe Chawan on the lid, and named Raimei (Thunder Clap) inside the lid. Dating circa 2015, it is 11 x 9.5 x 10.5 cm (4-1/2 x 4 x 4-1/4 inches) and in excellent condition. The gold repair is artist made.
Tsujimura Shiro was born in Nara in 1947, and began his steps into the art world as an oil painter in 1965. While living at a Buddhist temple he experienced a profound connection with a Korean Tea Bowl, and began potting. He established his kiln and residence in 1970, with his first solo exhibition held in 1977. By the 1990s he had become an international star, with works exhibited in the US, UK, Germany, France and many other nations. He is highly acclaimed and somewhat reclusive, avoiding the public spectacles often needed to make one in Japan. A must have in any contemporary collection of Japanese ceramic art, work by him is held in museums throughout the globe, including The Metropolitan Museum of Art New York, The Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Minneapolis Institute of Arts, The Brooklyn Museum of Art, The Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery at Smithsonian Institution, The Asian Art Museum of San Francisco, The Spencer Museum, Ackland Art Museum, The Art Institute of Chicago, The British Museum, Stockholm Museum of Art and the Miho Museum among many others
All Items : Artists : Ceramics : Pottery : Contemporary item #1479098 (stock #MC234)
Modern Japanese Ceramics
sold, thank you
Pale crystalized ash covers this igneous form by important artist Atarashi Kanji enclosed in the original signed wooden box titled Iga Guinomi. It is 6.6-7 cm (2-1/2 inches) diameter, 5.5 cm tall and in excellent condition, directly from the artist. I highly recommend this with the Tokkuri following.
Atarashi Kanji was born in Osaka in 1944, and graduated the Osaka College of Craft design. After 3 years in Kobe, and 4 in Kishiwada (Wakayama) he came to settle in Iga, where he was one of the driving forces behind the resurrection and preservation of the Iga tradition. Although displayed at the National Craft Fair, he prefers the intimacy of the private exhibition, of which he holds several every year. And if ones visit to japan is not timed right for an exhibition, he can otherwise be found at his kiln working along with his son and daughter.
All Items : Artists : Ceramics : Pottery : Contemporary item #1479099
Modern Japanese Ceramics
sold, thank you
An iconic playful form, the two lug handles like short little arms extended for the dance by important artist Atarashi Kanji enclosed in the original signed wooden box titled Iga Tokkuri. There is a classic cut in the form, with raw earth visible below, the running green ash.which has pooled in a ringlet around the neckIt is 14.2 cm (5-3/4 inches) tall and in excellent condition, directly from the artist. I highly recommend this with the guinomi previously listed.
Atarashi Kanji was born in Osaka in 1944, and graduated the Osaka College of Craft design. After 3 years in Kobe, and 4 in Kishiwada (Wakayama) he came to settle in Iga, where he was one of the driving forces behind the resurrection and preservation of the Iga tradition. Although displayed at the National Craft Fair, he prefers the intimacy of the private exhibition, of which he holds several every year. And if ones visit to japan is not timed right for an exhibition, he can otherwise be found at his kiln working along with his son and daughter.
All Items : Artists : Ceramics : Pottery : Contemporary item #1479101
Modern Japanese Ceramics
sold, thank you
Rare lavender tinged glaze covers the rough Iga clay forming this sake flask by important artist Atarashi Kanji enclosed in the original signed wooden box titled Iga Tokkuri. The unusual coloration is punctuated with classic Iga traits, shell marks, undulations in the form, and an emerald drip clinging to the rim. It is 15 cm (6 inches) tall and in excellent condition, directly from the artist. I highly recommend this with the guinomi previously listed.
Atarashi Kanji was born in Osaka in 1944, and graduated the Osaka College of Craft design. After 3 years in Kobe, and 4 in Kishiwada (Wakayama) he came to settle in Iga, where he was one of the driving forces behind the resurrection and preservation of the Iga tradition. Although displayed at the National Craft Fair, he prefers the intimacy of the private exhibition, of which he holds several every year. And if ones visit to japan is not timed right for an exhibition, he can otherwise be found at his kiln working along with his son and daughter.
All Items : Artists : Ceramics : Pottery : Contemporary item #1479241
Modern Japanese Ceramics
sold, thank you
A superb example of Karatsu ware by Nakazato Tarouemon enclosed in the original wooden box titled Tataki Chossen Karatsu Mimitsuki Mizusashi signed Jusandai Tarouemon. The pale clay is covered in white with color fingering its way through in permeated drips from the rim. The vessel is 19 cm (7-1/2 inches) diameter, 16 cm (6 inches) tall and in excellent condition. It comes complete with the original ceramic lid as well as a Kae-buta (alternate lacquered lid) in a separate compartment within the box
Nakazato Tadao (1923-2009) was born the first son of the 12th generation of Nakazato Tarouemon in Karatsu City. He graduated from the Craft Design Course, Tokyo School of Crafts (mod. Chiba University). In 1943, and first exhibited with the Nitten in 1951. In 1956 he would receive the Hokutosho prize there, followed by another commendation in 1958, and the JCS award in 1961. He took over the family name upon his fathers retirement in 1969. He would go on to receive many awards throughout his career, including the Prime Minister's Award in 1981, and the Japan Art Academy Award in 1984, The Saga Prefectural Order of Cultural Merit in 1985, and the Order of Cultural Merit by Karatsu city in 1995. In 2002 he retired from the world, entering a Buddhist temple and taking the name Hoan. He would ultimately be awarded the Order of the Rising Sun for his lifes work and be appointed an adviser of the Japan Art Academy. He was succeeded by his son,
All Items : Artists : Ceramics : Pottery : Contemporary item #1479242
Modern Japanese Ceramics
sold, thank you
Lavender tinged crawling pale glaze covers the soft porous clay of this classically inspired Mizusashi by Living National Treasure Miwa Kyusetsu XI enclosed in the original signed wooden box titled Shiro-hagi Mizusashi. It is 20 cm (8 inches) diameter, 18 cm (7-1/4 inches) tall. It comes complete with the original ceramic lid as well as a Kae-buta (alternate lacquered lid) in a separate compartment within the box The box is contained inside a second, black lacquered wooden box, and all is in excellent condition.
Miwa Kyusetsu XI (1910-2012) was born the third son of the ninth generation Miwa Kyusetsu (Setsudo) and studied under his father and older brother (Kyusetsu X: Kyuwa). He also studied under Kawakita Handeishi. He was first exhibited in 1955, and garnered his first acolades at the 4th Natioanl Traditional Craft Exhibition (Nihon Dento Kogei Ten) in 1957. Following the retirement of the 10th generation Kyusetsu, he succeeded the name in 1967. He received the Imperial Order with Purple Ribbon in 1976 and the Order of the Sacred Treasure in 1982. He was acknowledged as a Yamaguchi Prefectural Preserver of Intangible Cultural Properties in 1972 and Designated Living National Treasure in 1983. He officially retired, passing on the family name and mantle to Miwa Ryusaku, but continued making pottery under the name “Jusetsu”.
All Items : Artists : Ceramics : Pottery : Contemporary item #1479291 (stock #FT60)
Every surface of this large tsubo by Furutani Taketoshi has been cut away in ascending and descending chevrons down the fire side of which crystalline glazes form in pools where the descending chevrons meet. On the fringes of the blast of ash are various shades of red while opposite shiseki inclusions bubble out from the raw pale clay. It is 32 cm (13 inches diameter) 37 cm (15 inches) tall and in excellent condition, enclosed in the original signed wooden box titled Shigaraki Shizen Yu Shinogi Tsubo, directly from the artist.
Furutani Taketoshi was born the son of master craftsman Furutani Hirofumi in 1974, graduating the Shigaraki Industrial High School Ceramics department in 1992 before entering the Shiga prefectural Ceramics Research Facility where he learned first Small Rokuro wheel technique, graduating the following year. In 1993 he would find himself under the tutelage of Suzuki Iwau before re-entering for a second course at the Research Facility, graduating in 1995. From then he returned to the family kiln where he learned in the time-honored tradition from both his grandfather Churoku I and father Hirofumi (Churokuk II). In 2013 he was named a Dento Kogeishi Traditional Craftsman. Since he has exhibited consistently at the Japan Traditional Crafts Exhibition. Subverting the self, he makes simple, organic pots which have a timeless quality. As well he dares new forms and challenges the clay with innovative techniques, coercing from the pliable earth challenging incarnations very much rooted in the now, yet still paying homage to the traditions passed down through the ages.
All Items : Artists : Ceramics : Pottery : Contemporary item #1479292 (stock #FT62)
A secret technique is used to induce the wide cracking which does not penetrate the sides of this Tsubo wrapped in fingers of natural ash glaze by Furutani Taketoshi enclosed in the original signed wooden box titled Shigaraki Shizen-yu Yabure Tsubo. Green ash viciously assaults one side, the color spreading out over the surface, overshadowing the darkness where it was buried in the embers, and wraps around the body in streaks of color leading to shell impressed eyelets on a surface burnt orange and black. It culminates in a single crystalline bead of green glass. The tsubo is 27 cm (11 inches) diameter, 32.5 cm (13 inches) tall and in excellent condition, directly from the artist.
Furutani Taketoshi was born the son of master craftsman Furutani Hirofumi in 1974, graduating the Shigaraki Industrial High School Ceramics department in 1992 before entering the Shiga prefectural Ceramics Research Facility where he learned first Small Rokuro wheel technique, graduating the following year. In 1993 he would find himself under the tutelage of Suzuki Iwau before re-entering for a second course at the Research Facility, graduating in 1995. From then he returned to the family kiln where he learned in the time-honored tradition from both his grandfather Churoku I and father Hirofumi (Churokuk II). In 2013 he was named a Dento Kogeishi Traditional Craftsman. Since he has exhibited consistently at the Japan Traditional Crafts Exhibition. Subverting the self, he makes simple, organic pots which have a timeless quality. As well he dares new forms and challenges the clay with innovative techniques, coercing from the pliable earth challenging incarnations very much rooted in the now, yet still paying homage to the traditions passed down through the ages.
All Items : Artists : Ceramics : Pottery : Contemporary item #1479293 (stock #FT63)
A voluminous vessel glowing with hi-iro flame color by Furutani Hirofumi (Churoku II) enclosed in the original signed wooden box titled Shigaraki Hi-iro Tsubo. This piece comes from deep within the kiln, far from the ash deposits in front, and the pale clay is altered by the heat and touch of the inferno as it rushes through the vortex, the path and shadows of other pieces leaving various patterns on the surface. It is 32 x 34 x 31 cm (13 x 14 x 12 inches) and in excellent condition, directly from the artist.
Furutani Hirofumi (b. 1948) is the real deal, a Shigaraki potter trained under his father, recipient of tradition and knowledge who does not say much. After graduating school, he went to work in a large production kiln where he studied firing technique and clay preparation. He then returned to the family studio where he headed up the preparation and firing, while, taking a second position in that respectful Japanese way to his long-lived father, who strictly tortured clay, relying on his son to do all the “real work.” The Japanese title for such a person is: Ennoshita no chikara mochi (The true strength hidden under the eaves). A decade after the passing of Churoku, every day you will find him in search of the natural phenomena born from the dialog between soil and flame and the elements. He oversees kneading and preparing the clay, as well as the kiln work, stacking and preparations for firing, creating his own pieces while allowing his son to take the fore. He is not competing or seeking fame, just quietly making pots in that very Japanese way, treading the path of the Unknown Craftsman.
All Items : Artists : Ceramics : Pottery : Contemporary item #1479294 (stock #FT64)
Modern Japanese Ceramics
sold, thank you
An unusual lidded vessel in the shape of a clay pitcher beautifully patterned with natural ash glazes by Furutani Churoku I enclosed in the original signed wooden box titled Shigaraki Shizen-Yu Dobin Hanaire. This looks like something drawn from a literati painting, a scholar seated with his brushes and ink beside a table upon which tea cools, the tall pot promising refreshment. The glaze lies heaviest between the handle and spout, dribbling down into the ember blackened ash deposits below, while opposite Tombo-no-me (dragonfly-eyes) permeate the red clay surface. The receptacle is 27 cm (11 inches) tall and in excellent condition, directly from the family.
Furutani Hiromu (Churoku I, 1922-2012) Fascinated by the aesthetics of "wabi" and "sabi" expressed in the “Koge” (Charing),“Hi-iro”(Flame Color) and other naturally born kiln effects of Shigaraki ware, Furutani Hiromu devoted himself to the recovery of pre-Edo firing techniques. He was on the forefront of research into ancient kiln construction and he recreated both an Anagama and then a climbing kiln which could produce wares to rival the ancients. In the manner of craftsmen of time immemorial, he produced both Tsubo and Tea Ware. He was the first artist named a Dento Kogeishi (Traditional Craftsman) in Shigaraki, accepting that honor in 1976. After that his works were exhibited throughout Japan, as well as internationally. Breaking from tradition however, he also worked to create carved and modeled pieces with animated creatures writhing across the surfaces or arching to form handles.
All Items : Artists : Ceramics : Pottery : Contemporary item #1479295 (stock #FT66)
Modern Japanese Ceramics
sold, thank you
A looping handle of natural bound vine rises from lugs high up on this flattened bottle by Furutani Hirofumi (Churoku II) enclosed in the original signed wooden box titled Shigaraki Shizen-yu Tsurutsuki Hen Hana-ire. On flat side is burnt dark with starlight white spots twinkling between shell impressions and rivulets of crystalline green. The other is a smorgasbord of color, from textured black to emerald to all shades of olive and orange. Between rages a battle for space between the two aesthetics. It is 15 x 8.5 x 42.5 cm 5-1/2 x 3-1/4 x 17 inches including the vine handle.
Furutani Hirofumi (b. 1948) is the real deal, a Shigaraki potter trained under his father, recipient of tradition and knowledge who does not say much. After graduating school, he went to work in a large production kiln where he studied firing technique and clay preparation. He then returned to the family studio where he headed up the preparation and firing, while, taking a second position in that respectful Japanese way to his long-lived father, who strictly tortured clay, relying on his son to do all the “real work.” The Japanese title for such a person is: Ennoshita no chikara mochi (The true strength hidden under the eaves). A decade after the passing of Churoku, every day you will find him in search of the natural phenomena born from the dialog between soil and flame and the elements. He oversees kneading and preparing the clay, as well as the kiln work, stacking and preparations for firing, creating his own pieces while allowing his son to take the fore. He is not competing or seeking fame, just quietly making pots in that very Japanese way, treading the path of the Unknown Craftsman.
All Items : Artists : Ceramics : Pottery : Contemporary item #1479296 (stock #FT71)
A starkly traditional tsubo showing off the plethora of effects garnered from the inferno in an Anagam kiln by Furutani Taketoshi titled simply Shigaraki Shizen-yu Tsubo. It is formed in a medieval fashion with small foot growing in stages to a round wide shoulder, which then pinches to a small neck with pinched mouth. The coloration is fabulous, with rich greens fading to olive to crusty black on the blast side, while the natural clay dusted with flying ash shows off the quintessential shiseki and tombo-no-me for which Shigaraki is known. It is 29 cm (11-1/2 inches) diameter, 35.5 cm (14 inches) tall and in excellent condition, directly from the artist.
Furutani Taketoshi was born the son of master craftsman Furutani Hirofumi in 1974, graduating the Shigaraki Industrial High School Ceramics department in 1992 before entering the Shiga prefectural Ceramics Research Facility where he learned first Small Rokuro wheel technique, graduating the following year. In 1993 he would find himself under the tutelage of Suzuki Iwau before re-entering for a second course at the Research Facility, graduating in 1995. From then he returned to the family kiln where he learned in the time-honored tradition from both his grandfather Churoku I and father Hirofumi (Churokuk II). In 2013 he was named a Dento Kogeishi Traditional Craftsman. Since he has exhibited consistently at the Japan Traditional Crafts Exhibition. Subverting the self, he makes simple, organic pots which have a timeless quality. As well he dares new forms and challenges the clay with innovative techniques, coercing from the pliable earth challenging incarnations very much rooted in the now, yet still paying homage to the traditions passed down through the ages.
All Items : Artists : Ceramics : Pottery : Contemporary item #1479297 (stock #FT72)
Modern Japanese Ceramics
sold, thank you
Cosmic rays flow away in a burst of green over the twilight color of this vessel by Furutani Hiromu (Churoku I) enclosed in the original signed wooden box titled Shigaraki Shizen-yu Yohen Tsubo. The entire vase seems to be covered in ashen gray over which the vivid green glass has flown, forming rivulets leading to a single crystalline drop on the opposite side. It is 22 cm (9 inches) diameter and in excellent condition, directly from the artist.
Furutani Hiromu (Churoku I, 1922-2012) Fascinated by the aesthetics of "wabi" and "sabi" expressed in the “Koge” (Charing),“Hi-iro”(Flame Color) and other naturally born kiln effects of Shigaraki ware, Furutani Hiromu devoted himself to the recovery of pre-Edo firing techniques. He was on the forefront of research into ancient kiln construction and he recreated both an Anagama and then a climbing kiln which could produce wares to rival the ancients. In the manner of craftsmen of time immemorial, he produced both Tsubo and Tea Ware. He was the first artist named a Dento Kogeishi (Traditional Craftsman) in Shigaraki, accepting that honor in 1976. After that his works were exhibited throughout Japan, as well as internationally. Breaking from tradition however, he also worked to create carved and modeled pieces with animated creatures writhing across the surfaces or arching to form handles.
All Items : Artists : Ceramics : Pottery : Contemporary item #1479298 (stock #FT73)
Modern Japanese Ceramics
sold, thank you
Ash flows through and fills the deeply crevassed surface of this closed bottle form by Furutani Hirofumi (Churoku II) enclosed in the original signed wooden box titled Shigaraki Shizen-yu Kuchi Jime Yohen Hanaire. All one must do is turn it a few degrees to get a new aspect or a new point of contemplation. Shinshoku, blasted green, olive fingering, and charcoal black all studded with the famous Shiseki of Shigaraki. It is 18.5 cm (7-1/2 inches) diameter and in excellent condition, directly from the artist.
Furutani Hirofumi (b. 1948) is the real deal, a Shigaraki potter trained under his father, recipient of tradition and knowledge who does not say much. After graduating school, he went to work in a large production kiln where he studied firing technique and clay preparation. He then returned to the family studio where he headed up the preparation and firing, while, taking a second position in that respectful Japanese way to his long-lived father, who strictly tortured clay, relying on his son to do all the “real work.” The Japanese title for such a person is: Ennoshita no chikara mochi (The true strength hidden under the eaves). A decade after the passing of Churoku, every day you will find him in search of the natural phenomena born from the dialog between soil and flame and the elements. He oversees kneading and preparing the clay, as well as the kiln work, stacking and preparations for firing, creating his own pieces while allowing his son to take the fore. He is not competing or seeking fame, just quietly making pots in that very Japanese way, treading the path of the Unknown Craftsman.
All Items : Artists : Ceramics : Pottery : Contemporary item #1479299 (stock #MC108)
Modern Japanese Ceramics
sold, thank you
An emerald tear clings to the lip of this fabulous sake flask by Furutani Taketoshi enclosed in the original signed wooden box titled Shigaraki Shizen-yu Tokkuri. It is 9 cm (3-1/2 inches) diameter, 13.5 cm (5-1/2 inches) tall and in perfect condition, directly from the artist. .
Furutani Taketoshi was born the son of master craftsman Furutani Hirofumi in 1974, graduating the Shigaraki Industrial High School Ceramics department in 1992 before entering the Shiga prefectural Ceramics Research Facility where he learned first Small Rokuro wheel technique, graduating the following year. In 1993 he would find himself under the tutelage of Suzuki Iwau before re-entering for a second course at the Research Facility, graduating in 1995. From then he returned to the family kiln where he learned in the time-honored tradition from both his grandfather Churoku I and father Hirofumi (Churokuk II). In 2013 he was named a Dento Kogeishi Traditional Craftsman. Since he has exhibited consistently at the Japan Traditional Crafts Exhibition. Subverting the self, he makes simple, organic pots which have a timeless quality. As well he dares new forms and challenges the clay with innovative techniques, coercing from the pliable earth challenging incarnations very much rooted in the now, yet still paying homage to the traditions passed down through the ages.
All Items : Artists : Ceramics : Pottery : Contemporary item #1479300 (stock #MC109)
Modern Japanese Ceramics
sold, thank you
Molten ash has gone yellow on the dry surface of this bulbous sake server by Furutani Taketoshi enclosed in the original signed wooden box titled Shigaraki Shizen-yu Tokkuri. It is 8.5 cm (3-1/2 inches) diameter, 12 cm (5 inches) tall and in excellent condition, directly from the artist.
Furutani Taketoshi was born the son of master craftsman Furutani Hirofumi in 1974, graduating the Shigaraki Industrial High School Ceramics department in 1992 before entering the Shiga prefectural Ceramics Research Facility where he learned first Small Rokuro wheel technique, graduating the following year. In 1993 he would find himself under the tutelage of Suzuki Iwau before re-entering for a second course at the Research Facility, graduating in 1995. From then he returned to the family kiln where he learned in the time-honored tradition from both his grandfather Churoku I and father Hirofumi (Churokuk II). In 2013 he was named a Dento Kogeishi Traditional Craftsman. Since he has exhibited consistently at the Japan Traditional Crafts Exhibition. Subverting the self, he makes simple, organic pots which have a timeless quality. As well he dares new forms and challenges the clay with innovative techniques, coercing from the pliable earth challenging incarnations very much rooted in the now, yet still paying homage to the traditions passed down through the ages.
All Items : Artists : Ceramics : Pottery : Contemporary item #1479301 (stock #MC110)
Modern Japanese Ceramics
sold, thank you
As with much of the work of this veteran young potter, it would be hard to grow tired of this small sake cup by Furutani Taketoshi enclosed in the original signed wooden box titled Shigaraki Shizen-yu Guinmi. Every facet reveals something fresh, a playground for the eyes and the fingers as one enjoys the sake. It is 5.7 cm (just over 2 inches) diameter, 4.7 cm (a hair under 2 inches) tall and in perfect condition, directly from the artist.
Furutani Taketoshi was born the son of master craftsman Furutani Hirofumi in 1974, graduating the Shigaraki Industrial High School Ceramics department in 1992 before entering the Shiga prefectural Ceramics Research Facility where he learned first Small Rokuro wheel technique, graduating the following year. In 1993 he would find himself under the tutelage of Suzuki Iwau before re-entering for a second course at the Research Facility, graduating in 1995. From then he returned to the family kiln where he learned in the time-honored tradition from both his grandfather Churoku I and father Hirofumi (Churokuk II). In 2013 he was named a Dento Kogeishi Traditional Craftsman. Since he has exhibited consistently at the Japan Traditional Crafts Exhibition. Subverting the self, he makes simple, organic pots which have a timeless quality. As well he dares new forms and challenges the clay with innovative techniques, coercing from the pliable earth challenging incarnations very much rooted in the now, yet still paying homage to the traditions passed down through the ages.
All Items : Artists : Ceramics : Pottery : Contemporary item #1479302 (stock #FT77)
Modern Japanese Ceramics
sold, thank you
A dark smokey work by Furutani Taketoshi, slightly closed to trap the aroma of the fragrant rice wine, perfect for winter sake. It is enclosed in the original signed wooden box titled Shigaraki Shizen-yu Guinomi. It is 5.8 cm (just over 2 inches) diameter, 4.8 cm (a hair under 2 inches) tall and in perfect condition, directly from the artist.
Furutani Taketoshi was born the son of master craftsman Furutani Hirofumi in 1974, graduating the Shigaraki Industrial High School Ceramics department in 1992 before entering the Shiga prefectural Ceramics Research Facility where he learned first Small Rokuro wheel technique, graduating the following year. In 1993 he would find himself under the tutelage of Suzuki Iwau before re-entering for a second course at the Research Facility, graduating in 1995. From then he returned to the family kiln where he learned in the time-honored tradition from both his grandfather Churoku I and father Hirofumi (Churokuk II). In 2013 he was named a Dento Kogeishi Traditional Craftsman. Since he has exhibited consistently at the Japan Traditional Crafts Exhibition. Subverting the self, he makes simple, organic pots which have a timeless quality. As well he dares new forms and challenges the clay with innovative techniques, coercing from the pliable earth challenging incarnations very much rooted in the now, yet still paying homage to the traditions passed down through the ages.